Dr. Adeel warns against a fragmented approach in formulating the post-2015 development agenda. We need to generate awareness of the interconnection between water, food and energy security, and of the relationship between water and economic performance and development.
There is a familiar pattern emerging in the formulation of a new set of goals and targets that will define the development agenda beyond 2015, when the timeline of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) reaches maturity. The pattern is similar to that employed during the Millennium Summit (2000) when each development ’sector’ pushed hard to achieve priority for its own goals and targets, often to the exclusion of others. The result was, in the case of the MDGs, a set of isolated goals – leading to isolated, and often competing, development streams. To avoid a repeat of this situation as we look beyond 2015, we need to consider two major development axes.
The first of these development axes is aligned at the nexus of water, food and energy security. Worldwide demand for water is projected to exceed supply by as much as 40% by 2030 if no significant changes are made. Another projection sees a 50% increase in energy demand by the year 2035, most of it coming from developing countries. And food-on-the-plate demand is expected to rise by 70% by 2050. Meeting or modifying these demands requires innovative and integrated policy responses. The three elements of the nexus form a triangular relationship: increased food provisioning would require a water- and energy-efficient food production cycle; meeting water demands would mean conserving water use for agricultural production (which presently averages at 70% worldwide) and producing more Kilowatts per drop of water; increasing energy supply would require an increase in the fraction of non-renewables that are generally water-efficient, as well as developing hydropower projects that in turn also provide food security through sustainable irrigation. I would argue that ignoring water from this triangular nexus, as was the case in the Rio+20 declaration, would make achieving water-food-energy security nearly impossible.
The second development axis is along the path of human wellbeing and rights. It links education, poverty, health and gender issues, and incorporates the newest human rights of access to safe drinking water and sanitation. Ample arguments have been made about the links between access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation and poverty reduction, improvement in health outcomes and improvement in education rates (particularly amongst girls and young women). It would then stand to reason that any development goals around universal access to water and sanitation – as proclaimed in the Rio+20 outcome statement – would include interlinked targets in terms of economic performance and improvement in human health and wellbeing. In the international discourse on drinking water and sanitation, such cohesion of targets has so far largely been absent. Once again we are observing the development of isolated goals and targets; left to their own devices, these would likely result in rather poor performance as seen in the inability to meet the water and sanitation MDG targets.
At the end of the day, we – as the international development community – have to demonstrate that we are truly committed to solving interlinked global problems, which cannot be solved piecemeal. A clearest expression of this commitment would be for the emerging Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to embed investments for the bottom billion people, who are presently without adequate water, sanitation or energy, and are suffering from malnutrition and high infant mortality rates. If we can resolve the challenges of the bottom billion in the coming decade or two, a sea change in developing countries will be observable. The SDGs must, therefore, address the question of development goals and targets in a cohesive and interlinked way. It is feasible that the High-Level Panel established by the United Nations Secretary General, and co-chaired by David Cameron (United Kingdom), Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (Indonesia) and Ellen Johnson Sirleaf (Liberia), may be able to achieve this.